indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to air; to dry; to drain (off); to drink up; to deprive of a role, job, etc.
(one's) older sister; (one's) elder sister; girl
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
creeping at night into a woman's bedroom; stealing into a girl's bedroom at night to make love; sneaking visit
what kind of; what sort of; what
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to receive favor; to receive assistance; to receive help; to be looked after; to be taken care of; to become dependent (on)
honor; honour; glory; (arch.) prosperity
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
suffix for familiar person
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
unhappiness; sorrow; misfortune; death (usu. of a relative); bereavement
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
woman; female; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
Mr; master; Ms; miss; (arch.) sir; (arch.) madam
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
honorific/polite/humble prefix
undutifulness to one's parents; lack of filial piety
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
cry (e.g. of a baby); sob; whine; tearful voice; weepy voice
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
cannot (due to external circumstances); cannot afford to; must not; impossible to; no way one can (do)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...