indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
horn; alarm; whistle; foghorn
railway crossing; railroad crossing; starting line; scratch; determination; stepping over the edge of the ring
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
counter for leaves, pieces of paper, etc.; (arch.) counter for boats
arrival chime (of an elevator, train, etc.)
section manager; section chief
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
public relations; PR; publicity; publicizing
room; wife (of someone of high rank); scabbard; Chinese "Encampment" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
floral pattern; flourish; ornament; star (actor, player, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
moreover; furthermore; nevertheless; and yet
establishment; founding; organization; organisation
whole year; entire year; n-th year anniversary
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
in the same manner as before; the same as always
general affairs; general business; manager; director; adjutant general
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to seize; to catch; to obtain; to acquire; to understand; to grasp
it does not mean that ...; I don't mean that ...; it is not the case that
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding