indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
direct unforked road; straight path
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
to become used to seeing; to be familiar with
scenery; scene; landscape
stunning; electrifying; striking; eye-popping; brilliant
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
impossible; unlikely; improbable
time; hour; period; class
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
to put on clothes; to wear clothes; to be the personification of
railway station; train station; staging post on a highway (in pre-modern Japan); counter for railway stations and bus stations
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
(not) even once; (not) ever
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
(something) has never occurred; to have never done (something); such a thing has not happened; never happens; there is never a time when
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to be talked about behind one's back
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to get damaged; to get chipped; to be wounded; to get injured; to get hurt (reputation)
in that way; thus; so; so?
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
how long; how much; to what extent