indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
father; dad; husband; you; he
wife; (arch.) my dear; (arch.) dear; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); embellishment
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
(not) in any way; in no way; at all; terribly; awfully; hopelessly
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
both; both sides; both parties
trifling with; toying with; playing with; tossing about (a ship)
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
least; lowest; worst; awful; horrible; at the very least
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
he; she; that person; (arch.) you
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
friend; ally; supporter; taking sides with; supporting; standing by
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to go smoothly; to turn out well; to do the trick; to have peaceful relations
your husband; her husband
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
finding employment; getting a job
to cancel; to withdraw; to retract; to take back (words, etc.); to revoke