person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to conceal; to keep secret; to cover up
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
it cannot be that...; it is highly unlikely that...; it is impossible that...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
Minister of War (Zhou-dynasty China)
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
to be attached; to be connected with; to remain imprinted; to scar; to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.)
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to wrap up; to pack; to cover; to envelop; to conceal (a feeling); to hide
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to erase; to delete; to turn off (power); to switch off; to extinguish; to put out
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
truth; reality; truly; really; absolute truth
to switch (secretly); to substitute; to sidestep (an issue)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
official size of a tatami mat for measuring room size (esp. a Kyoto-size tatami mat); basic rhythm (in traditional Japanese music); (arch.) room (in a brothel) of a prostitute of the highest rank
charity; benevolence; charitable spirit; interest (in public welfare, social enterprise, etc.); zeal
to be in time (for); to serve (suit, meet) the purpose; to be good enough; to be enough
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
unusual; rare; new; novel; fine (e.g. gift)
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor