indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
lidded; covered; container with a lid
to pass (of time); to elapse
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
firm; persevering; flexible and hard to break
freezing weather; agar-agar; vegetable gelatin
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
two persons; two people; pair; couple
to grant (request, wish); to answer (prayer); to fulfill (conditions); to meet (requirements)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
since when; from when; how long
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to open (e.g. doors); to open (e.g. business, etc.); to be empty; to be vacant; to be available; to be open (e.g. neckline, etc.); to have been opened (of one's eyes, mouth, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to melt; to thaw; to fuse; to dissolve
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
spread-out sail; full sail; (sailing) downwind
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
patina; antique look; elegant simplicity; well-trained voice
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
promise; agreement; convention; rule; destiny; fate
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen