culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
school festival; cultural festival; annual open day school event showcasing student talent
writing; composition; essay; sentence
sentence; composition; text; the literary arts (as opposed to the military arts); academia; statement
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
thesis; essay; treatise; paper; article
document; writing; letter; document addressed to someone
library; book collection; paperback book
contents of a document (esp. of a letter)
literature; books (reference); document
literary club (e.g. at school); literary section (e.g. newspaper)
person of letters; literary person
text (of a book, document, etc.); body (of a letter); this passage; this sentence
small-format paperback book; pocket paperback
wording (esp. of written text); classical Chinese literary style; traditional written Chinese
literature; the arts; art and literature; liberal arts
writing (an essay, prose, etc.); composition; formal writing with little real meaning
context (of a passage); line of thought; context (of a matter, event, etc.); circumstances; background
humanities, social sciences, and fine arts; liberal arts
historical document; archives; old manuscript; pre-Meiji era document addressed to someone in particular
inscription; epitaph; epigraph
ancient civilization; ancient civilisation
correspondence; exchange of letters
literary style; form of (written) language (e.g. classical, modern)
scholar of literature; literary person; man of letters; writer
ancient writing (Edo-period or older); classical literature; ancient Chinese character (pre-Qin period); Chinese character script used before the Qin period
explanatory note; explanatory text; explanation; caption
long sentence; long piece of writing (e.g. passage, letter, article, telegram)
being accomplished in both the literary and military arts; doing well in both school and sports
unwritten law; common law; unwritten rule
English writing; English sentence; English text; English literature; English lit
food culture; dietary culture; cuisine
literary world; literary circles
Java sparrow (Lonchura oryzivora); Java rice finch
man of letters; literary man
faculty of letters; college of letters; school of humanities
written apology; written statement of regret
literary and military arts; the pen and the sword
person of culture; cultured person
contemporary writing; modern text; modern Japanese writing; modern Japanese (as a school subject); literature written since the Meiji period
civilized person; civilized people
sentence structure; grammatical construction; syntax
Chinese classical writing; Chinese classics; writing composed entirely of kanji
dubious document; anonymous document containing defamatory statements
cultural assets; cultural property
great writer; literary master; distinguished author
narrative part (of a text); descriptive writing (excluding direct speech and quotations)
preface; foreword; introduction
written description of one's thoughts
official document; archives
example sentence; illustrative sentence; model sentence
whole passage; full text; whole sentence; full paragraph
modern convenience; convenience of civilized life; blessings of civilization
different culture; foreign culture
text (of a law, treaty, contract, etc.); provisions
pure literature; belles-lettres
fixed phrase; canned phrase; standard wording; template; boilerplate
Bunkyū era (1861.2.19-1864.2.20)
stipulation; stating clearly; documenting in writing; stating explicitly
in the sentence; in the text; Bunchū era (of the Southern Court; 1372.4.?-1375.5.27)
address to the gods; type of song which spread from mountain hermits to the laity during the Kamakura era
civilized society; civilised society
classified document; confidential document
children's literature; juvenile literature
stationery shop; a stationer
short sentence; short piece of writing (e.g. passage, article, composition)
civilization and enlightenment; Japan's Westernization movement during the Meiji era (Westernisation)
educational policies or administration; Bunsei era (1818.4.22-1830.12.10)
Bungeishunju (publishing company); Bungei Shunjū (magazine)
threatening letter; intimidating letter
important cultural property; important cultural asset
same text; same wording; same script; same language
literary art; literary activity; writing
bunraku; Japanese puppet theatre (theater)
humanities and social sciences; liberal arts; faculty of humanities; school of liberal arts
famous literary composition
literary history; history of literature
poetry and prose; literature; literary works
Kanbun era (1661.4.25-1673.9.21)
the literary world; literary circles
civilized nation; civilised nation
introductory text; introductory essay
(the products of) culture or civilization (civilisation)
short essay; pamphlet; tract
technical civilization; technical civilisation
the above sentence; the foregoing remark; preamble (to a statute, constitution, etc.); opening part of a letter (used for season's greetings, asking after someone's health, etc.)
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; MEXT
civil administration; Bunji era (1185.8.14-1190.4.11)
Bunten exhibition; art exhibition sponsored by the Ministry of Education (antecedent of the Nitten exhibition)
writer; author; literary person; one who lives from writing
research paper; study; thesis
official document; archives
cultural exchange; cross-cultural communication; contacts between different cultures
young literary enthusiast
stationery store; stationery shop; stationer's
translated sentence; translated passage; translation; version; rendering
mass culture; pop culture; popular culture; culture of the people (as opposed to the elite)
written appeal; manifesto; declaration
literary criticism; book review
main clause; main part (of a piece of writing); text (of a judicial decision)
modern civilization; modern civilisation
English(-language) literature; British literature
box for holding papers or stationery
humanities, social sciences, and fine arts; liberal arts
direct speech (in a text); spoken lines; written dialogue
humanities and sciences; reason; logic; line of thought (in a piece of writing); thread (of meaning)
Bachelor of Arts; BA; B.A.
humanity; civilization; civilisation; culture
phrase; clause; basic linguistic unit in Japanese grammar
poor piece of writing; my poor writing
Japanese writing; Japanese text
academic paper; scholarly paper; academic article; treatise
imperative sentence; imperative statement
explicit statement (e.g. in law); express provision
Bunroku era (1592.12.8-1596.10.27)
password; secret spell; secret phrase
greeting phrase (in letter, etc.); salutation
Nobel Prize in Literature
Agency for Cultural Affairs
travel writing; travel piece; traveller's journal; traveler's journal
moral culture; spiritual culture; culture born through the workings of the human mind (science, religion, philosophy, religion, art, etc.)
Western civilization; Western civilisation
unwritten; illiterate; uneducated; poor writing
Minister of Education, Science and Culture
literary criticism or theory
parsing; syntactic analysis
semi-European-style house; type of Japanese house incorporating Western elements that was made popular in the 1920s and 1930s
written language; literary language; classical (or formal) written style based on Heian-period Japanese
contemporary literature; modern literature
civilized world; civilised world
doctoral dissertation; doctoral thesis
department of English literature
Japanese text; sentence in Japanese
judgment paper; judgement paper
material civilization; material civilisation
Bunshun Bunko (paperback label)
circular (document); circulating letter; palindrome
plain text; unciphered text
(enervating) attraction to books or learning
modern civilization; modern world
collected papers; collected works; collection of articles and essays
(China's) Cultural Revolution (1966-76)
literary profession; writing
forgery of an official document; falsification of public records
Culture Day (national holiday; November 3)
main text (as opposed to any included commentary or annotations); authentic text (e.g. of a treaty, as opposed to any translation not specified as authentic); Chinese classical literature
unification of the written and spoken forms of a language
all the officials, both military and civil
grammatical; grammatically
start of a sentence, phrase, etc.
diplomatic papers or documents
variant (in a manuscript or book); part of a text that differs from other versions
Mesopotamian civilization
Chinese classical literature; Chinese classics
civilian control (of the military)
amount of text; amount of writing
tattoo (esp. a traditional Japanese one); tattooing
writing in a European language; European text; Roman letters
cultural science (Rickert's "Kulturwissenschaft")
Genbun era (1736.4.28-1741.2.27)
public records office; archives
confidential document; confidential paper; classified document
Egyptian civilization (civilisation)
department of Japanese literature
letter of responsibility (for a crime)
Tenbun era (1532.7.29-1555.10.23)
study or science of literature; a liberal arts department
written report to the gods; imperial edict; written appeal to a superior
Bun'ei era (1264.2.28-1275.4.25)
literary (and the arts) column
a sentence; one sentence; (short) piece of writing
country with a high level of culture
department of French literature
compound sentence; sentenced formed of two independent clauses; important cultural property; important cultural asset
responsibility for wording of an article
lost work; lost writings; partially lost work; literary fragment; work of a superior quality
reference materials; references; bibliographical sources; written materials; documents
civil and military officers
epistolary style using the auxiliary "sōrō" in place of "aru"
(skilled) writer; essayist
French; French writing; French literature
bunbuku chagama (a mythical raccoon dog transformed into a teapot)
megalithic civilization; megalithic culture
cultural facilities (art galleries, tea rooms, etc.)
first Japanese invasion of Korea (1592-93)
many cultures; multicultural
tangible cultural properties
translation; piece of translated writing; translated sentence
literature written in diary form
literary style; classical style
Ministry of Culture (e.g. in China)
Western civilization; Western civilisation
Bunna era (of the Northern Court; 1352.9.27-1356.3.28); Bunwa era
Order of Culture (Japan); Order of Cultural Merit (South Korea)
writers and artists; persons who take delight in such refined pursuits as poetry, literature, painting and calligraphy
style of Southern Chinese painting
Cultural Affairs Department
hack writer; pulp-writer; penny-a-liner; scribbler
word used mainly in writing; literary language
written expression; writing
features of the Earth (rivers, mountains, etc.); topography; physiography; physical geography
colloquial writing; text written in a spoken form of the language
important intangible cultural asset
intangible cultural heritage
attached document; attachment; insert; (medication) package insert
Bun'an era (1444.2.5-1449.7.28); Bunnan era
British and American literature
story (verbal) problem; problem expressed in words
type-picking; anthology; selection of literary works
school of popular writing
methods of writing; rules of good writing; writing style guide
Chinese bronze inscriptions; type of lettering used on metal objects, especially in China during the Yin and Zhou dynasties
Aozora Bunko (digital library of Japanese public-domain works)
Western word or sentence; word created by translating components of a Western word
pomelo (Citrus maxima); shaddock
this thesis; this article; the article under consideration
written law; statutory law
civilized world; civilised world
English-Japanese translation
intangible cultural asset
faculty of humanities; school of humanities
Indus (valley) civilization (civilisation)
all-purpose kitchen knife
afterword; epilogue; postscript
Chinese language (written); Chinese literature
women's writing; literature written by women
unpunctuated Chinese texts
cultural progress; advance of the arts
Yellow River civilization; Huang civilization; cradle of Chinese civilization
writing (an epitaph, foreword, etc.); composition; epitaph; inscription
Shūkanbunshun (weekly magazine)
unswept hairdo originating in the mid-eighteenth century (now popular at traditional weddings)
the four great civilizations of the world (China, Babylon, India and Egypt; as put forward by Chinese scholar Liang Qichao in 1900)
poor writing; bad writing; rambling prose
phrases, etc. at the ends of letters, etc.
flavor of literary style; flavour of literary style
scientific article; scientific paper
Kulturkampf (church-state conflict in Prussia; 1872-1887)
heavy double-handled pot used for making rice
important intangible folk culture asset
organizational culture; culture of an organization
interpreting an English text
the style is the man; the style is the man himself
cross-cultural; intercultural
following sentence; succeeding sentence
dead letter; meaningless writing
Act on Protection of Cultural Properties
Japanese-English translation
literary embellishment; figure of speech; rhetorical flourish; beautiful coloring
Bunki era (1501.2.29-1504.2.30)
damaging article published by the Shūkan Bunshun weekly
spoken and written language
mixed writing (kanji and kana)
Aegean civilization (civilisation)
National Archives of Japan
history of Japanese literature
cultural museum; museum of culture
paleography; the study of ancient writings
oral literature; folklore
love story; erotic literature
essay-type (examination, etc.)
indecent writings; pornography
Enbun era (of the Northern Court; 1356.3.28-1361.3.29)
written contribution; submission (to a newspaper, online forum, etc.)
prose with a poetic haiku flavor (flavour)
memorial address; words of condolence; funeral oration; eulogy
female writer; woman writer
faculty of humanities and sciences; college of arts and sciences; school of arts and sciences
Bunshō era (1466.2.28-1467.3.5)
Council for Cultural Affairs
method of writing; syntax
negative question; question asked in the negative (e.g. "Can't you read Japanese?")
East Asian evergreen forest culture (theory)
epistolary style; style of written correspondence
collection of essays contributed in celebration of something; festschrift
Seibundo Shinkosha (publishing company based in Tokyo)
(my) poor writing; scribbling; hasty writing
writing composed entirely of kana; kana text; letter composed entirely of kana
mixed writing of literary Japanese and Chinese
Nihon Bungeisha (publisher)
physiography; physical geography
personal letter; epistolary style
text written in literary style
governing by law and reason rather than by military force
annotation; explanatory note
concrete syntax (of SGML)
German literature; German sentence
pocket paperback size (approx. A6)
Chinese-character cultural sphere; Sinosphere; countries where Chinese characters are used or were historically used
Japanese typewriter; typewriter that can type using Japanese characters
piece of writing with a missing part; missing part (sentence, passage, etc.); lacuna
(piece of) writing in colloquial style; vulgar writing
anthology; literary world; collection of literary masterpieces
the four great civilizations of the world (China, Babylon, India, and Egypt; as put forward by Chinese scholar Liang Qichao in 1900)
transcription of Chinese classics into Japanese
Osaka Prefectural Museum of Yayoi Culture
legendary literature; narrative literature
early-modern literature; Edo-period literature (1600-1867)
Japan Institute of Life Insurance
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; UNESCO
oral literature; folk literature
becoming a dead letter; becoming meaningless (of a statute, law, etc.)
writing into law; codification; enacting
kana literature; works written in kana in the Heian period
miscellanist; miscellaneous writer
international cultural exchange
merchant class culture that flourished in Edo during the Bunka-Bunsei period
Imjin War (1592-1597); Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea
culture of the printed word; book culture
horizontal (Western) writing
visual culture; culture of visual images; (screen) image culture
Bunpō era (1317.2.3-1319.4.28)
clever use of words to advance an argument; tricky manipulation of law
conditional sentence; conditional statement
(crime of) forging an official document; falsification of official records
end of a sentence; sentence final
complex sentence; sentence with an independent clause and at least one dependent clause
this academic subject or field of study; Confucian studies
the foregoing; the forgoing
epistolary style; epistolary phrase
input sentence; input statement
children's literature; juvenile literature
faculty of law and literature
the pleasures of literature
erotic or pornographic literature (Edo period)
emphatic (sentence) construction
museum of modern literature
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
oral literature; folk literature
creating patterns in human flesh through scarification
respect for literary culture
cross-cultural; comparative culture
essay-type test; essay-based examination
civil official (esp. dealing with literary matters)
(China's) Cultural Revolution (1966-76)
random jottings; rambling essays
Sanskrit writing; Sanskrit text; Sanskrit scripture; scripture in Sanskrit characters
literary club; literature club
Bun'ō era (1260.4.13-1261.2.20)
history of civilization; history of civilisation
Japanese literature; Japanese writing; Japanese text
Heian-period kana writing
The Japan Writers' Association; JWA
transformational generative grammar
pornographic literature; sensual literature; erotic literature
transcription of Chinese classics into Japanese
same race and same language
same race and same script
Japanese grammar (esp. traditional)
Bunka-Bunsei period (approx. 1804-1830)
Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize
colloquial grammar; grammar of modern spoken and written Japanese
grammar error; syntax error
Minister for Culture (e.g. in Brazil, France); Minister of Culture
Person of Cultural Merit; honorary title recognizing outstanding cultural contributions
Diet members with a special interest in education
Cultural Exchange Association
Nara National Cultural Properties Research Institute
group paragraph conversion
literary revolution (of China; post-1917 emphasis on vernacular forms)
epigraph on a stone monument; ancient inscriptions on monuments
fountainhead of culture; Ministry of Education
cultural cleansing; cultural genocide
Nara National Research Institute of Cultural Properties
National Research Institute for Cultural Properties
force of a literary style
Palaeolithic culture; Paleolithic culture
fundamental culture (concept proposed by German folklorist Hans Naumann); deep culture
the five basic sentence structures of English (SV, SVC, SVO, SVOO, SVOC)
(Edo-period) humorous literature
harmony of beauty and substance; (perfect) balance of looks and character; harmony of refinement and simplicity
the four tools of writing (brush, ink, inkstone and paper)
addendum (to a treaty or contract); annex; annexure; subordinate clause
eight-legged essay (classical Chinese style of essay writing)
twisting of the truth in one's writing; playing with text to distort the truth
reading a classical Chinese text in Japanese
Japanese containing expressions literally translated from European languages
Russian text; text written in Russian; Russian literature; Russian literature faculty
Specialist in Humanities (Japanese visa category)
Human Geographical Society of Japan
Bunkyō Women's University
Bunkyō Women's University
Japanese Society of Cultural Anthropology; JASCA
Bunka Women's Junior College
procedure branching statement
document type declaration subset
type declaration statement
Chinese Culture University
literary girl; book-loving girl; bookworm girl
Hiroshima Bunkyo Women's College
Bunka Fashion Graduate University
Narabunka Women's Junior College
document type declaration
Tanaka memorial (document, ca. 1927)
the four great Japanese grammar texts (Yamada, Matsushita, Hashimoto and Tokieda)
exclamatory sentence; exclamation
functional unification grammar; FUG
Japanese Literature Association
Bunka Gakuen University Junior College
autobiography; autobiographical literature
Bunri University of Hospitality
Japan Cultural Association
same as above; same as in the previous certificate (document, etc.)
Tokushima Bunri University
Tohoku Seikatsu Bunka College
Japan-China Cultural Exchange Association
Hiroshima Bunkyo University
Kyoto Bunkyo University; KBU
Japanese Society for the Study of Human Welfare and Culture
Hokkaido Bunkyo University
contextually required element
Tokieda grammar (Japanese grammar created by Motoki Tokieda)
Japanized version of classical Chinese (used from Heian period onward)
document application profile
literary style from the Heian era onwards, mainly in kana and written by women
Hiroshima Bunka Gakuen University
culture club (e.g. at school)
defined assignment statement
Tohoku Bunka Gakuen University
Hashimoto Grammar (forms the base of Japanese grammar taught in schools)
deterministic context-free grammar
unwritten law; common law
searching with natural language; natural sentence search
colloquial language style; everyday language style
Matsushita grammar (Japanese grammar created by Daizaburo Matsuhita)
Japan Information-Culture Society
Shizuoka University of Art and Culture
contextually required token
document architecture; document body
document architecture class
contextually optional element
exclamatory sentence; exclamation
Sino-Ryukyuan Cultural and Economic Association (previous name of the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office)
ideological literature (esp. left-wing)
Koeki University; Tohoku University of Community Service and Science
the five basic sentence structures of English (SV, SVC, SVO, SVOO, SVOC)
New Culture Movement (revolutionary movement in China, 1917-1921)
Ministry of Culture and Tourism (China)
text processing application
normal style of writing; modern Japanese text; text written in literary style with mixed kanji and kana (until the Taisho era)
Open Document Architecture; ODA
humorous erotic literature
school grammar; system of Japanese grammar used in Japanese schools and dictionaries
joint communique; joint statement
document architecture level
imperative statement; unconditional statement
Japan Society for the Comparative Study of Civilizations; JSCSC
contextually optional token
uncodified constitution; unwritten constitution
International Cultural Association
Society for Ritual Culture
document class description
National Research Institute of Cultural Properties
Diet members' monthly allowance for postage, communication, transport and accommodation
Diet members' monthly allowance for postage, communication, transport and accommodation
text of an (exam) question
American National Archives
Bungakuza (Japanese theatre company)
Society of International Education and Cultural Exchange; SIENCE
public text designating sequence
Tōhoku English Literary Society
grammar of the classical literature; classical grammar
document type specification
head-driven phrase structure grammar; HPSG
archive science; archival studies
syntax-reference character set
lexical-functional grammar; LFG
Amarna letters (archive of Egyptian correspondence, recorded on clay tablets)
Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
result document type (of a link)
fantastic literature; fantasy literature
South-East Asian Friendship and Culture Association
Japan Society for the Conservation of Cultural Property
concrete syntax parameter
scholarship and swordsmanship are one and the same; the literary and the military are the same path
museum of literature; literary museum
multicode basic concrete syntax
Yamada grammar (Japanese grammar created by Yoshio Yamada)
codified constitution; written constitution
culture of a higher order (as opposed to fundamental culture)
death anniversary (of a writer, poet, etc.; oft. given a relevant name); commemoration day
device-dependent version of public text
easily misunderstood sentence; garden-path sentence; (lit.) cul-de-sac sentence
public text display version
the pen is mightier than the sword
delimited scope statement
mixed writing (kanji and kana)
cultural cleansing; ethnocide
document type definition; DTD
source document type (of a link)
sentential negation; sentence negation; statement negation
phrase structure grammar; PSG
context-sensitive grammar
elucidation of a difficult passage
word form used in literary language
enhanced for statement (in Java)
Minister for Culture and Tourism
Institute for the Preservation of Cultural Assets
bizarre literature; literature of the bizarre
compound-complex sentence
doctoral degree (e.g. PhD) by thesis only
Japanese shubunkin goldfish variety
Longshan culture (China, 3000-1900 BCE); Lung-shan culture; Black Pottery culture
compiler directing statement
commercial correspondence
bricking (e.g. of a smartphone)
Japanese typewriter; typewriter that can type using Japanese characters
bunkafu; tablature notation system used for shamisen music
confusing piece of writing; incomprehensible sentence
(Sun Yat-sen's) Three Principles of the People
stone inscription; epigraphy
reply letter; retranslation (into the original language)
elegant classical Chinese prose employing antitheses using four and six-character compound words
compound-complex sentence
multicode concrete syntax
non-sentence; ungrammatical sentence
stationery shop; stationer
well up in both literary and military (martial) arts; well skilled in wielding both the sword and the pen
Cultural Heritage Foundation
Timor dusky sparrow (Lonchura fuscata, Padda fuscata)
lettering of an engraving
multicode core concrete syntax
damaging documents; concealing documents; spoliation
reference concrete syntax
Gobunsho (The Epistles, a collection of letters written by Rennyo)
(crime of) damaging or concealing documents; spoliation offense
Bunryaku era (1234.11.5-1235.9.19)
Western typewriter; typewriter using Roman letters
colorful pattern; colourful pattern
hangul (Korean script); (arch.) proverb
(inadvertent) redundancy in a text
funeral eulogy; memorial address
large seal script (dating from China's Spring and Autumn period onward)
regular kanbun (following the rules of classical Chinese grammar)
dictionary of kanbun grammar and usage
bronze-vessel and bell inscriptions
Oxytropis megalantha (species of locoweed)
kanji "literature" radical (radical 67)
kanbun converted into literary Japanese
kanbun converted into literary Japanese
being versed in the literary and military arts