stubbornness; obstinacy; disposition; nature; appetite; desire
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
seat; place; position; status; gathering; party; stand
effect; result; worth; Kai (former province located in present-day Yamanashi Prefecture)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
order of seats; seating precedence; class standing
dispute; strife; quarrel; dissension; conflict; rivalry
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
servant; valet; (arch.) someone who works in close quarters with the emperor or imperial family; (arch.) low-ranking official who works for the imperial family or nobility (under the Ritsuryo system); (arch.) ox-tender for oxcarts; (arch.) horse boy
judgment; judgement; decision; verdict
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
tenth day of the month; ten days
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
to pass (of time); to elapse
later; afterwards; future; after one's death; (arch.) descendant
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
until then; till then; to that extent; the end of it; all there is to it
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
painful; bitter; tough; difficult; cruel; harsh
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
Kanbun era (1661.4.25-1673.9.21)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
poison; toxicant; harm; evil influence; ill will; spite
death; decease; (arch.) death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation); (an) out
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
New Year (esp. first three days); first month of the year; January
Suō (former province located in the southeast of present-day Yamaguchi Prefecture)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
garden; yard; courtyard; field (of action); area
sappanwood (Caesalpinia sappan); sappanwood dye (red in colour); layered colour (light brown on the front, dark red beneath)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to go to bed; to go to sleep; to fall asleep; to be laid up (with a cold); to be ill in bed
remaining time; days left
to ask after (someone's health); to visit; to attack; to strike; to meet with misfortune
(a) little; (a) few; slight; only; just; merely
three times; thrice; third (musical interval); many times; over and over again