Shuchō era (686.7.20-686.12.?); Suchō era; Akamitori era
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
February; second month of the lunar calendar
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
wind; breeze; manner; behaviour; cold; influenza
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
runny nose; (watery) nasal mucus
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to excite; to incite; to stimulate; to arouse; to tempt; to stir up
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
district; region; the country; countryside; civilian society
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
shallow; superficial; slight (wound); light (sleep); short (time); early
field (for fruits, vegetables, etc.); cultivated land; field (of specialization); sphere; womb; birth
wind-swept; exposed to the wind
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
noon; midday; daytime; lunch
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
shadow; silhouette; reflection; image; ominous sign; light (stars, moon)
frost; white hair; grey hair; gray hair
thorn; spine; splinter (esp. lodged in one's flesh); hard sharp item (esp. lodged in one's throat, e.g. fish bone); biting words
sharply; harshly; stingingly
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
only; merely; but; no more than
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
fold; pleat; folds (e.g. of a mountain); crease; (hidden) detail; nuance
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
naginata; polearm with a curved single-edged blade (similar to a glaive); naginata; martial art of wielding the naginata
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
to shine; to glitter; to be bright
wheat; barley; oat (oats)
to step on; to tread on; to set foot on (e.g. foreign soil); to stand on; to experience; to undergo; to follow (rules, principles, etc.)
sprout; shoot; bud; germinal disk (in an egg)
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during