oneself; oneself; for oneself; personally
argument; discussion; theory (e.g. of evolution); doctrine; essay; treatise
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
title; subject; problem (on a test); question; counter for questions (on a test)
other; another; over; more than; I; me
previously; before; first; before (something or someone else); beforehand; in advance
world; society; people; the public
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
extermination; elimination; renouncing worldly desires (in order to concentrate on Buddhist teachings); curing (an illness)
without (doing); instead of; if (it) isn't done; if (one) doesn't do ...; if not ...; unless ...
middle section of a song (in gagaku or noh)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to be titled (e.g. a book); to be named
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
speciality; specialty; special subject of study; sole interest; single focus; concentrating exclusively on
scholar; academic; scientist; learned person; person of learning
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to evaluate; to appraise; to comment on
without; unacceptable; not alright; (arch.) nonexistent; (arch.) not being (there)
or; either ... or; maybe; perhaps; some ... and others ...; sometimes ... and at other times ...
daydream; fantasy; fancy; vision
jumping to hasty conclusions; conjecture
to form; to make; to build up (e.g. a fortune); to create; to accomplish; to achieve; to change (into)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the world in general; society; convention
gentleman; well-bred man; well-educated man; people
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
still; yet; more; still more; furthermore; in addition
high; noble; refined; advanced
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
comprehension; consent; understanding; OK; roger
difficult; hard; impossible; unfeasible; fussy; particular; gloomy
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at (a time or place); in; in (a situation, matter, etc.); on (a point); on the part of; under the authority of
still more; even more; much more; increased; greater
explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign