match; game; bout; contest
educational policies or administration; Bunsei era (1818.4.22-1830.12.10)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
early summer; fourth month of the lunar calendar
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica)
field horsetail (Equisetum arvense); common horsetail
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
lodging; inn; house; home; home of a servant's parents (or guarantor, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
both countries; Ryōgoku (area of Tokyo)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
stand; rack; support; holder; counter for machines, incl. vehicles; setting (e.g. in jewellery); level (e.g. price level)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
(Meiji era) official responsible for court ceremonies
assistant vice-minister (ritsuryo system, early Meiji period)
sakaki (species of evergreen sacred to Shinto, Cleyera japonica); evergreen (esp. one planted or used at a shrine)
(Nara and Heian era) ministry of ceremonies
existence; possession; having; limited company
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
honorific/polite/humble prefix
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
tenement house; row house
to stand side by side; to stand in a row
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
sharp (blade); pointed; sharp (pain); stabbing; perceptive; keen
shout (of encouragement, etc.); yell (used to time or encourage activity, e.g. "Heave ho!")
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
dear me!; good gracious!; well; let me see; question mark
to stop walking; to pause
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
neighbourhood; neighborhood; all sides; frontiers (of a country); four sides (of a shape)
(in the) neighbourhood; neighborhood; around; about; for instance; say
to look around; to survey