indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
registration; accession; register; entry; record
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to order; to send away for; to have (something) sent to one; to pull (something) closer
to be doing; to be in the process of doing
center; centre; middle; Chūbu region (incl. Aichi, Nagano, Shizuoka, Niigata, Toyama, Ishikawa, Fukui, Yamanashi and Gifu prefectures)
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
counter for suits of clothing; arriving at ...
freighter (aircraft); cargo plane
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
lading; loading; carrying
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
inspection; checking (goods, products)
without change; as is; just like; extremely similar; immediately; just after
securing; obtaining; ensuring; belay; belaying
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
be considered; be deemed; be thought to be
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
method; process; manner; way; means; technique
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner