indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
iron wall; impregnable fortress; impregnable; invulnerable; unassailable
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
defense; defence; safeguard; protection
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
model; type (e.g. of machine, goods, etc.); type; style; mold (mould); template; kata (standard form of a movement, posture, etc. in martial arts, sport, etc.)
red; crimson; red-containing colour (e.g. brown, pink, orange); Red (i.e. communist); red light (traffic); red ink (i.e. in finance or proof-reading); (in) the red
deck (e.g. ship, tape, cassette, observation, train vestibule)
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
than; from; out of; except; but; more
green; greenery (esp. fresh verdure)
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
advantageous; favourable; better; profitable; lucrative; gainful
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
be supposed or expected to (do); be sure to (do); ought to (do)
we are of equal status in this regard; we are in the same boat; the same to you; the feeling is mutual
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to entrust (e.g. a task) to another; to leave to; to passively leave to someone else's facilities; to leave to take its natural course; to continue (something) in a natural fashion (without particular aim); to rely fully on one's (full strength, great ability, long time taken) to get something done
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
eating heavily; hearty eating; binge eating; big eater; trencherman; gormandizer
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to get tired of; to lose interest in; to be fed up with; to have enough
in this way; thus; such; uh...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
there's no (other) way; cannot be helped; unavoidable; it's no use (doing); pointless; hopeless (person)
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question