indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
one's own judgement (judgment); decision made without consulting others; arbitrary decision; dogmatism
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
male diver (who collects shells, seaweed, etc.); fisherman
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
direct; immediate; personal; firsthand
confession; acknowledgement; confession of love; professing one's feelings; confession of sins (e.g. the confessional)
it does not mean that ...; I don't mean that ...; it is not the case that
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
usual; normal; everyday; usually; normally; generally
avenue; street; coming and going; street traffic; flow (of water, air, etc.); transmission (of sound); reach (e.g. of voice)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to get tired; to tire; to become worn out (of a well-used object); (arch.) to starve
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
dark; gloomy; depressed; dispirited; dark (in colour); dull; ill-boding
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and