indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
commercial (on radio, TV, etc.); advertisement; construction management; contract manufacturer; customer management; court martial
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
medium (size); average (grade, level, etc.); in; within; during; while; currently (doing)
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to get cloudy; to cloud over; to cloud up; to fog up; to be gloomy; to be clouded (expression)
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
adjustment; regulation; coordination; reconciliation; tuning; fixing
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
because; as; since; because of that; therefore; accordingly
attention; notice; care; caution; advice; warning
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
request; favour (to ask); wish; please
second month of the lunar calendar; February
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
recording (in a book, the minutes, etc.); printing; including; recording (audio or video)
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
rearrangement (of classes); recomposition; recombination; reclassification
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
rehearsal; rehabilitation
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
change; modification; alteration; revision; amendment
dot; spot; mark (in an exam, etc.); grade; point (in a game); score; point
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
producer (film, TV, etc.)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
wallet; purse; coin purse; billfold; pocketbook
to have a hole; to be pierced (with a hole)
small change; pocket change; coins; small sum of money
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
thin, white ceremonial haori worn by miko