at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
possession (by a spirit, etc.); dependence; depending on
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to care for someone; to look after someone
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
that; the matter in question
to be silent; to say nothing
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
forcibly; against one's will
to get information out of a person; to begin listening
failure; mistake; blunder
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
how; in what way; how about
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
mistake; error; accident; mishap; improper conduct (e.g. between man and woman); indiscretion
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
farewell; adieu; goodbye; so long
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to talk; to chat; to chatter
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
clothes (esp. Western clothes); counter for doses of medicine, gulps of tea, drags of a cigarette, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Japanese laurel; spotted laurel; Aucuba japonica; live tree