from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
midterm (mid-semester) test or exam
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
lesson; class work; teaching; instruction
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
a little bit; a little while
approximately; about; only; nothing but; just (finished, etc.)
to fire oneself up; to give it one's all; to get psyched; to fire someone up (with scolding, corporal punishment, etc.); to rouse
study; diligence; discount; reduction
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
honorific/polite/humble prefix
invitation; introduction; temptation
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
exactly; precisely; just; as if; as though; quite
thereabouts; vicinity; that area; that situation; those circumstances
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
match; game; bout; contest
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
in that way; thus; so; so?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
aid; assistance; help; cheering; rooting (for); support
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
girl; daughter; baby girl; young woman