suffix for familiar person
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
figure; design; twill weave; pattern of diagonal stripes; style (of writing); figure (of speech); design
Japanese league; ri; neighbourhood (under the ritsuryo system; orig. of 50 homes); unit of area (approx. 654m by 654m)
maiko; apprentice geisha; dancing girl
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
back; rear; background; behind the scenes
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
warehouse; storehouse; cellar; magazine; granary; godown
house of parliament (congress, diet, etc.); graduate school; postgraduate school; institution (often medical); institutional building; sub-temple; minor temple building
fashion; way; school (of thought); class; rank; current (electrical, water, etc.)
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
head of a school (of music, dance); head family of a school
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go around; to return; to surround; to concern (usu. of disputes)
head house (family); birthplace; originator
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
branch family; cadet family; establishing a branch family
sad; miserable; unhappy; sad; lamentable; deplorable
fate; destiny; connection; tie; pretext; justification
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
riddle; puzzle; enigma; enigmatic; mysterious
the real criminal; true culprit
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
truth; reality; truly; really; absolute truth
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to pass (the night); to spend; to reveal; to divulge; to prove; to verify
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
name; given name; first name
occupation; profession; job; vocation; trade; calling
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?