aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
please; somehow or other; one way or another
how; in what way; how about
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
I; me; personal (affairs, etc.); private; selfishness; partiality
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
duty; responsibility (incl. supervision of staff); liability; onus
responsibility; liability; blame; torture; torment; persecution
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
people; citizens; subjects; folk
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
crime; sin; penalty; sentence; fault; responsibility
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to carry on; to go on with one's life; to keep alive; to stay alive; to survive
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
old age; old person; the old; the aged
to end; to be finished; to die; to perish; to do utterly; to do completely
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
honorific/polite/humble prefix
mercy; compassion; clemency; Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo (Cuculus fugax); Horsfield's hawk cuckoo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
to make a decision; to draw a conclusion; to give a judgement; to hand down a verdict; to let go down; to lower; to do oneself
as a child; when one was a child; childhood
to fade (of a colour); to grow dull in color (colour); to lose vividness; to lose freshness; to grow stale
scrawl; scribble; graffiti; doodle
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to glide; to slide (e.g. on skis); to fail (an examination); to bomb (when telling a joke); to drop; to go down
to draw; to paint; to depict; to describe; to picture in one's mind; to imagine
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
to be tied together; to be connected to; to lead to; to be related to; to be related (by blood)
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling