indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
seeing off; sending off; funeral; escapement
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
to cling to; to hold on to; to grapple; to set about doing; to begin; to possess (someone; of an evil spirit, idea, etc.)
everyday life; daily life
to hinder; to obstruct; to disrupt; to interfere with; to cause a delay
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to some extent; to a certain extent
tattoo (esp. a traditional Japanese one); tattooing
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
skin; hide; rind; peel; shell; sheath
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be complete; to be all present; to be equal; to be uniform; to gather; to assemble
starting work (on); setting to work (on); commencing (a crime); playing (a move)
without; but if; otherwise; or else
judgment; judgement; divination; judgement
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to carry off; to run away with; to sweep away; to take entirely for oneself; to monopolize
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
cooperation; collaboration; help; support
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to be solved; to be worked out; to come loose; to come untied; to be removed (of restrictions); to be lifted (e.g. of a ban)
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
complex; complicated; intricate; mixed (feelings)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
very difficult to ...; nearly impossible to ...
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
degree; amount; grade; standard; of the order of (following a number); about
to get; to secure; to learn; to master; to complete