citizen (of a country); citizenry; citizen (of a city); resident; bourgeoisie; middle class
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
insurrection; riot; uprising; rebellion; revolt
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; used for soft emphasis or to soften a statement or request; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to change (into); to turn (into); to transform (into); to influence
simultaneously; all at once; in unison
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
bad; wrong; must not (do, be); should not; useless; no good; hopeless
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to raise; to raise up; to wake; to wake up; to cause; to bring about; to start
fact; truth; reality; in fact; actually
by means of; due to; because of; according to
(suffering) damage; injury; harm
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
result; consequence; consequently; as a result; as a result of; following
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
authorization; authorisation; acknowledgment; acknowledgement; certification; recognition
thanks to ...; owing to ...; because of ...
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
to take back; to get back; to regain; to recover; to restore; to recoup
as (it is); remaining (in a state); with (e.g. one's eyes closed, the light on); while (e.g. standing, alive); as (one pleases, one is told, etc.); according to
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
certain; sure; definite; reliable; sound; solid
Kansai (region comprising Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe and surrounding prefectures); Kansai (western half of Japan; during the feudal era)
collapse; crumbling; breaking down; (radioactive) decay; disintegration
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
boss; leader; head; boss (difficult enemy, usu. at the end of a section or level)
firm decision; decisive measure; resolute step; excellent decision