indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
(metropolitan) prefecture (of Osaka and Kyoto); the centre or seat (of) (center); (government) office; fu; historical administrative unit in China, Korea and Vietnam
establishment; opening; setting up; inauguration
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
declaration; proclamation; announcement
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
than; from; out of; except; but; more
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
rule; reign; government; governing
now; the present time; just now; another; more
several times; several degrees
defeat; lost battle; losing a war
shaking; trembling; pitching; disturbance; unrest; agitation
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to give up; to abandon (hope, plans); to resign oneself (to)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
to capitulate; to surrender; to submit to; to concede
you (people); gentlemen; ladies and gentlemen; my friends
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
dignity; majesty; sanctity
to dispose of; to sell off
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
myself; oneself; (arch.) I; (arch.) me; (arch.) you (referring to one's inferior)
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
to entrust (e.g. a task) to another; to leave to; to passively leave to someone else's facilities; to leave to take its natural course; to continue (something) in a natural fashion (without particular aim); to rely fully on one's (full strength, great ability, long time taken) to get something done
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all