indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
injured person; wounded person; casualty
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
counter for people (usu. seating, reservations and such); first name; famous; great; name; noun
where; which; anyway; anyhow; sooner or later; eventually
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
pupil; student; schoolchild
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
missing (of a person); lost; unaccounted for; whereabouts unknown
testimony; (verbal) evidence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to take (someone) away; to carry off; to abduct; to kidnap
pattern; figure; state; condition; conjecture of the current situation; the way it seems; model
head office; general office
capture; seizure; prehension; apprehension; understanding; grasp
national border; provincial border
neighborhood; vicinity; environs; approaching
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to rescue from; to help out of; to save
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
knowing; (an) acquaintance
avenue; street; coming and going; street traffic; flow (of water, air, etc.); transmission (of sound); reach (e.g. of voice)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
clique; group; (political) faction; wing; school; sect
confrontation; opposition; antagonism
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
disorder; chaos; confusion; mayhem