indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
lightweight fabric or clothing; silk gauze; thin silk; Latin (language)
commander; general; leader
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
opposite; opposition; versus; vs.; to (e.g. "winning a game five to three"); equal footing
to excuse oneself; to take one's leave; to quit; to resign; to decline; to turn down
now; the present time; just now; another; more
the Big Dipper (asterism); the Plough; the Plow
hand game (e.g. rock-paper-scissors)
devil; evil spirit; genie
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
life or death struggle; mortal combat; struggle to the death
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
tool; means; ingredients (added to soup, rice, etc.); counter for sets of armor, utensils, furniture, etc.
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
matter; affair; counter for (received) emails, text messages, voicemail messages, etc.; counter for accounts (on a website, email service, etc.)
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
brittle; fragile; weak; tender-hearted; sentimental; easily moved
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
regret; chagrin; mortification; freedom from obstructive thoughts
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
all over the body; from head to foot; all over
bone; frame; outline; core; backbone; spirit
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
in that way; thus; so; so?
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
oh; ho; exclamation of surprise, admiration, etc.; hoo (owl call); toot (sound of a flute)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
transmigration; reincarnation; metempsychosis
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very