cold (e.g. weather); uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull
natural; reasonable; obvious; usual; common; ordinary
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
in that way; thus; so; so?
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
to warm oneself; to sun oneself; to warm up; to get warm
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
perhaps; possibly; maybe; if; in case; in the event that
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
mostly; nearly; practically; well-nigh; almost invariably; all but
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
taking an examination (esp. school and university entrance)
towards (a destination); for the purpose of; with the goal of; targeting (a group, a demographic)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing