indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
memory; recollection; remembrance; memory; storage
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to lose; to miss (a chance, opportunity); to lose (a loved one); to be bereaved of; to concede (goals, points, etc.)
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
another; one more; even more; (not) quite; (not) very
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
trouble; burden; nuisance; care; dependence; support
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
such; like that; that sort of
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to set out; to set sail; to embark on (a new venture); to set out (to achieve something); to begin to ride; to lean forward
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
bye-bye; goodbye; saying goodbye; parting
goddamn idiot; moron; nitwit
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
dangerous; risky; in danger; in jeopardy; uncertain; unreliable
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
damn; damn it; feces; excrement; damn; damned; very
how; in what way; how about
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
now; the present time; just now; another; more