indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to recognize; to recognise; to deem; to judge; to approve; to deem acceptable; to admit
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
until now; so far; up to the present
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to take; to catch; to capture
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
(I) will; (I) shall; let's; (I) wonder (if); might it be (that); hey
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
zero; 0; nought; nothing; zilch
at any rate; anyhow; anyway; in any case; because
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to fly; to soar; to jump; to leap; to spatter; to scatter; to hurry
all; whole; entire; complete (set); in total
kind; variety; (biological) species; (logical) species