piling up; multiple layers
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
boundary; border; limit; bounds; frontier
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to climb over; to get over; to surmount; to overcome; to surpass; to overtake
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to step into (e.g. someone else's territory); to break into; to raid; to come to grips with; to get to the core of
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
rude; impolite; mannerless; snotty
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
something's wrong (with someone); not right (in the head); not oneself; crazy; nuts
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
tedious; boring; being fed up with
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to borrow; to have a loan; to rent; to hire
all; entire; whole; altogether
by myself; in person; by oneself
something; something or other; so-and-so; somehow; anyhow; one way or another
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
and; thereupon; because of that