this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
great antiquity; old-fashioned; long ago
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
bonze; monk; monk's dwelling; boy; son; I; me
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
pattern; figure; state; condition; conjecture of the current situation; the way it seems; model
present condition; existing state; status quo; current state
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
standing by; awaiting an opportunity; being on alert
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
party; group; crew; company (of troops); corps; unit
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me