now; soon; already; yet; further; more
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to be tied together; to be connected to; to lead to; to be related to; to be related (by blood)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to make sound (of an animal); to call; to cry; to make a meld call (e.g. pung, kong)
indicates supposition; if ... then; when; (typically after someone's name) indicates exasperation
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
business; thing to be done; something that should be performed; information that should be conveyed
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
bow-wow; woof; wah-wah; bawling; clamouring; clamoring
time; hour; period; class
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
(one's) older sister; (one's) elder sister; girl
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
pole; rod; line; dash; spoken monotonously
to wave; to shake; to sprinkle; to throw (dice); to cast (actor); to allocate (work); to turn down (somebody)
direction; way; person; lady; method of; manner of; care of ...
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
to fall (of rain, snow, ash, etc.); to come down; to form (of frost); to beam down (of sunlight or moonlight); to pour in; to visit (of luck, misfortune, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
to rise; to go up; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; to get out (of water)
thanks (for coming, helping, etc.); glad you could make it; tiredness; fatigue
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
worst; horrible; horrid; in the worst case; if worst comes to worst