indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
(medical) doctor; physician
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to manufacture; to produce; to raise (crops); to invent; to dream up; to create
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
genuine article; real thing; real deal
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
by the way; incidentally; sometimes; occasionally; precisely (at that time); exactly
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker