at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
explosive; blasting powder
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to start; to begin; to challenge; to pick (a fight); to set (traps); to plant (explosives)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
double; twice (as much); twofold
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
information; news; intelligence; information; data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.
avenue; street; coming and going; street traffic; flow (of water, air, etc.); transmission (of sound); reach (e.g. of voice)
indication; denotation; designation; instructions; directions
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter
any kind of; every; whatsoever; whatever
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
live coals (for firelighting); cause (of disturbance, conflict, etc.); trigger
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to smoke; to smoulder; to be sooty; to be smoke-stained; to smoulder (e.g. a dispute); to smolder
Shōwa era (1926.12.25-1989.1.7); reminiscent of the Shōwa era; Shōwa- nostalgic; old-fashioned
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
behind closed doors; behind-the-scenes; (under the veil of) secrecy
training; education; development; cultivation
establishment; founding; incorporation (of a business)
severe; harsh; hard; cruel; rigorous
breaking through; breakthrough; surmounting; overcoming; exceeding; passing
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...