indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
metre; meter; meter; gauge
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
making a round trip; going and returning; round-trip ticket; return ticket; correspondence; exchanging (letters)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
dozens; scores of; decades
company; association; regional Chinese god of the earth (or a village built in its honour); counter for companies, shrines, etc.
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
model; dummy; model (profession); fashion model; model (of a vehicle, machine, etc.); version; model (e.g. mathematical)
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
elementary school student; primary school student; grade school student
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to need; to call for; to require
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to drain; to flow (unobstructed); to sell well; to be in good demand; to exit the stage; to remove (a prop) from the stage
actual spot; scene (of a crime, accident, etc.); (on) site; (on) the ground; filming location; (movie) set
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
height (of body); stature
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate