expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
diversion to military use
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
robot; (mere) puppet; pawn; figurehead
technology; engineering; technique; skill; art; craft
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
Chen (ancient Chinese state, approx. 1045-479 BCE); Ch'en; Chen dynasty (China, 557-589 BCE); Ch'en dynasty
pleased to make your acquaintance
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
mission; delegation; transmission
protection; safeguard; guardianship; preservation; conservation
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
disturbance; obstruction; hindrance; jamming; interference
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
appearance; arrival; make one's appearance
on the occasion of; circumstances; juncture
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
destruction; annihilation; extermination
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to be destroyed; to perish; to go out (e.g. fire); to destroy; to get rid of; to extinguish
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to hunt (animals); to search (for a criminal); to go looking for (flowers, etc.); to gather (mushrooms)
offering (e.g. to the gods); votive offering
to do for (someone); to take in; to deceive; to hoodwink