person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
by nature; naturally; by birth; inborn
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(relative) merits; superiority or inferiority; quality
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
equal; identical; the same; no different (to); just like; equivalent
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to shout; to cry; to scream; to clamor (for or against); to clamour (for or against)
to reward; to recompense; to repay; to retaliate; to get revenge
effort; exertion; endeavour; endeavor; hard work; striving
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
process; course; mechanism
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
important; momentous; essential; principal; major
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
understanding; comprehension; appreciation; sympathy
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
studies; schoolwork; classwork
to strive; to endeavour; to endeavor; to make an effort; to be zealous
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
which (of three or more); well; now; c'mon
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
thesis; essay; treatise; paper; article
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to finish writing; to complete; to write down (e.g. a list); to write out
even if ...; even supposing that ...; also as ...; also for ...; also from the position of ...