a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to fall (over, down); to collapse; to be destroyed (in a collapse); to collapse; to be confined to bed (with an illness); to come down with; to die
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
serious; not joking; straight
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
classroom; lecture room; department (in a university); class; lessons; school (for a particular discipline)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
this area; around here; this point; this much; this extent
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
suffix for familiar person
to go to and from (a place); to go back and forth between; to go to (school, work, etc.); to attend; to circulate (e.g. blood, electricity); to be communicated (e.g. thought)
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
girls college (esp. in names of Christian schools)
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to face; to go towards; to head towards
shelter; safe shelter; evacuation shelter; place of refuge
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
noted family; noble family; prestigious school, organization, business, etc.
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
just barely; only just; at the very limit; at the last moment
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
structural alteration (of a building); reconstruction; rebuilding; remodelling; remodeling
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
(apparently) that's what it's like, isn't it
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already