indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to abandon; to fail; to desert; to forsake
adds force or indicates command
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
idiot; moron; trivial matter; folly; stupid; foolish
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
large part; greater part; people in general; general public; mostly; for the most part
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
plausible; believable; solemn; dignified; serious
sound argument; fair argument; just reasoning
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to shoulder; to carry on one's shoulder; to nominate for a position; to choose as a representative; to take (someone) for a ride; to deceive
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
trade; business; commerce; occupation; calling; profession
vocal message; speech; statement; prologue at the start of a kabuki performance
than; from; out of; except; but; more
number; edition; sobriquet; pen-name; size (of printing types, canvases, knitting needles, etc.); suffix attached to names of ships, trains, airplanes, etc.
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
be supposed or expected to (do); be sure to (do); ought to (do)
to swipe; to nick; to pilfer; to steal
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to perceive; to sense; to understand; to comprehend; to attain enlightenment
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
old person; elderly person; trustee of the Japan Sumo Association; retired high-ranking wrestler who is licensed to coach and receives retirement pay; senior statesman (of the Tokugawa shogunate); important local official (under the Tokugawa Shogunate)
to become; to appear like; to have a touch of; to look like
answer; reply; response; answer; solution; result
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
ship's captain; skipper; length of a ship; boatman
method; manner; appearance; air; tendency; folk song (genre of the Shi Jing)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to misjudge; to mistake; to misjudge (someone); to overestimate; to miss seeing; to overlook
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily