indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
matter; affair; counter for (received) emails, text messages, voicemail messages, etc.; counter for accounts (on a website, email service, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to put someone to trouble
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
sorrow; grief; anguish; trouble; affliction; anxiety
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
by the way; incidentally; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
hazy; dim; faint; minced fish or meat that is seasoned and fried
house of parliament (congress, diet, etc.); graduate school; postgraduate school; institution (often medical); institutional building; sub-temple; minor temple building
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
every year; yearly; annually
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
time; season; period; phase; stage
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
bowstring; string (of shamisen, guitar, violin, etc.); bail (arched pot handle); diagonal levelling wire across the top of a masu
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
holding (a conference, exhibition, etc.); opening; hosting (e.g. the Olympics)
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
festival; feast; carnival
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
two times; twice; two degrees
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
postponement; deferment; adjournment
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
family; members of a family