indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
mass meeting; convention; tournament; competition; grand event
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
participation in a war; going to war; taking part in a competition or contest
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
opponent; adversary; the competition; the other side; one's enemy
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to aim at (for, to do, to become); to try for; to have an eye on; to go toward; to head for
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
(logical) true; regular; 10^40; ten thousand undecillion; original; positive
road; path; way; set of practices; Buddhist teachings; Taoism; modern administrative region of Japan (Hokkaido)
to guide; to lead; to show the way; to derive; to deduce
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
ceremony; matter; affair; with regard to; as for
adds force or indicates command
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...