previous time; last time; previous installment; previous instalment; previous session
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
life; living; I; me; student
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
genuine; real; full-scale; full-blown; full-fledged; professional
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
activity (of a person, organization, animal, volcano, etc.); action; movie (esp. during the silent movie period)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
start; commencement; beginning; initiation
club activities; extracurricular activities
application; request; petition
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
entertainer (esp. boy band or girl group member) whose image is manufactured to cultivate a dedicated consumer fan following; Japanese idol; (cultural) icon; idol; idol (object of worship); image
research division; research club (e.g. at school, university)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
to pollute; to contaminate; to soil; to disgrace; to dishonour; to dishonor
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to long for; to yearn after; to admire; to be attracted by
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
severe; strict; hard (to do); difficult; intense (e.g. cold); harsh (weather)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
in this way; thus; such; uh...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
really; truly; indeed; good grief