previous time; last time; previous installment; previous instalment; previous session
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
first-year student; first-year pupil; beginner; novice; annual; annual plant
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to enter; to come in; to join (a club, company, etc.); to enter (a university, the army, etc.); to be contained (in); to be included (in); to (be able to) fit (in a container, building, etc.)
genuine; real; authentic; full-scale; full-blown; all-out
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
activity (of a person, organization, animal, volcano, etc.); action; operation; moving picture
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
start; commencement; beginning; initiation
club activities; extracurricular activities
application; request; petition
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
performer (usu. in a boy band or girl group) with an image cultivated to foster a dedicated fan following; Japanese idol; (cultural) icon; idol; idol (object of worship); image
research division; research club (e.g. at school, university)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
not less than ...; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; the above; the above-mentioned
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
reason; cause; meaning; sense; (good) sense; reason
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
third-year student; third-year pupil
senior (at school, work, etc.); superior; elder; older person; predecessor
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
to pollute; to contaminate; to soil; to disgrace; to dishonour; to dishonor
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to long for; to yearn for; to hanker after; to be attracted by; to be drawn to; to aspire to
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
severe; strict; hard (to do); difficult; intense (e.g. cold); harsh (weather)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
in this way; like this; this (much); so; uh; er
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
really; truly; indeed; good grief