previous time; last time; previous installment; previous instalment; previous session
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
reserve; spare; preparation; preliminaries
preliminary contest; qualifying round; trial; heat; primary
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
breaking through; breakthrough; surmounting; overcoming; exceeding; passing
activity (of a person, organization, animal, volcano, etc.); action; movie (esp. during the silent movie period)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be sufficient; to be enough; to be worth doing; to be worthy of; to do (the job); to serve
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
diamond; (railway) schedule; timetable; diagram
trouble; troubles; worry; distress; sorrows; anguish
clear; obvious; evident; bright; light
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
nevertheless; at any rate; even so; all things considered; be that as it may
suffix for familiar person
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to go smoothly; to turn out well; to do the trick; to have peaceful relations
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
I; me; personal (affairs, etc.); private; selfishness; partiality
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
(not) particularly; (not) especially; (not) specially; separately; apart; additionally
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become