previous time; last time; previous installment; previous instalment; previous session
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
promise; agreement; convention; rule; destiny; fate
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
ground; earth; the solid earth; the (vast) land
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding
ceremony; rite; ritual; service
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
doing (with resolve); carrying out (e.g. a plan)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
reason; principle; general principle (as opposed to individual concrete phenomenon); (in neo-Confucianism) the underlying principles of the cosmos
How do you do?; I am glad to meet you
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
two persons; two people; pair; couple
myself; yourself; I; me; you
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
effort; exertion; endeavour; endeavor; hard work; striving
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
Saint; St.; S.; sacred; holy; pure
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
live (esp. concert, show, etc.); live performance; alive
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
(another's) daughter; young lady (of pampered upbringing); woman who has never known hardship; naive woman
ball (for sport, games, etc.); kemari; type of football played by courtiers in ancient Japan
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
serious matter; major incident; matter of grave concern; crisis
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!