previous time; last time; previous installment; previous instalment; previous session
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
reserve; spare; preparation; preliminaries
preliminary contest; qualifying round; trial; preliminary selection; screening (e.g. of applicants); provisional election
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
nashi (esp. Pyrus pyrifolia); Japanese pear; Asian pear
instead of; in place of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for; to make up for
underground; below the ground; world of the dead; the grave; underground (activities, movement, etc.); secret
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
contract; compact; agreement
to tie; to bind; to bear (fruit); to close (e.g. deal); to confirm; to connect (two distant places); to close tightly
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
beat; palpitation; pulsation; throbbing
to hit; to strike; to strike (noon, etc.); to sound (cymbals, etc.); to beat (rhythmically, e.g. pulse, waves, etc.); to move; to impress
to have troubles; to have concerns
two persons; two people; pair; couple
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
disliking; not wanting; unpleasant; disagreeable; no!; quit it!
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to match (rhythm, speed, etc.); to join together; to unite; to face; to be opposite (someone); to compare; to check with
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
from the beginning; from scratch
had better ...; had better not ...
idiot; moron; stupid; foolish; trivial; insignificant; malfunctioning
in this way; like this; this (much); so; uh; er
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
finally; in the end; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
Twilight of the Gods (music drama by Richard Wagner); Götterdämmerung
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well ...; I think ...
really; truly; indeed; good grief
how much; how many; to what extent