oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
strange; odd; unexpected; change; incident; disturbance
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to weigh on one's mind; to bother one; to be interested (in); to be curious (about); to feel like (doing); to feel inclined to
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
tengu; long-nosed goblin; bragging; conceit; braggart
seat; bench; temporary job while looking for a better job or until one marries
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
ghost; apparition; phantom; spectre; specter; demon
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
people; men and women; each person; everybody
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be troubled; to have difficulty; to be bothered; to be inconvenienced; to be badly off; to be hard up
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
unconditionally; as a rule
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to wave; to shake; to sprinkle; to throw (dice); to cast (actor); to allocate (work); to turn down (somebody)