indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound of footsteps; sense or sign that something is approaching
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
north wind; northerly wind
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
poetry anthology; collection of poems; collected poems
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
number one; first; best; most; game; round
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to suit; to match; to become; to be like
wall with exposed timber pillars
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
half; semi-; half-past; odd number; (arch.) unit of land area (595.8 m^2)
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr