indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
weight; heavyweight boxer
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
kilo-; 1000; kilogram; kilogramme; kilometre; kilometer
to decrease (in size or number); to diminish; to abate
circumference; outskirts; environs; (computer) peripheral
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
frame; flame (abusive or threatening message)
material; material properties; quality of material; quality of wood; quality of lumber
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
strength; intensity; strong (e.g. glasses); powerful (e.g. lens); intense (e.g. fear)
to rise; to go up; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; to get out (of water)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
danger; peril; hazard; risk
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
natural; reasonable; obvious; usual; common; ordinary
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
weak; frail; delicate; tender; unskilled; weak (wine)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
prior; beforehand; in advance; before the fact; ex ante
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
notice; notification; report; posting
appointed day of delivery; time for payment
tenth day of the month; ten days
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
Japanese pronunciation of a kanji (based on adopted Chinese pronunciations)
hiss (esp. cat); sizzle; whoosh
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
he; she; that person; (arch.) you
so; like this; in this way
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
dropping; losing; missing item; something one forgot to write down; trap; wooden protrusion from a Japanese door frame that fits a hole in the threshold, acting as a lock when closed; conclusion (of a speech, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such