indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nth son; lang; official title in ancient China; (arch.) man; (arch.) young man; (arch.) my husband
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
television; TV; TV program; TV programme; TV broadcast
work (e.g. book, film, composition, etc.); opus; performance; production
postwar period; period after Second World War
period of rapid growth (especially Japan's period of rapid economic growth after WWII)
gradually; steadily; slowly; little by little; step by step; by degrees
to pull; to tug; to draw (attention, sympathy, etc.); to attract (e.g. interest); to draw back (e.g. one's hand); to draw in (one's chin, stomach, etc.); to draw (a card, mahjong tile, etc.)
to come together; to merge; to fit; to match; to be profitable; to be equitable
two persons; two people; pair; couple
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to visit; to call on; to arrive (season, time, situation, etc.); to come; (arch.) to make a sound; (arch.) to send a letter
test; trial; probation; ordeal; tribulation
old; aged; long; since long ago; of the distant past; long-ago
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to break; to destroy; to wreck; to ruin; to break (a bill, etc.)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
disliked; hated; tendency; smack (of); distinction; discrimination
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
clearly; plainly; distinctly; to be clear; to be definite; to be certain
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
straight (ahead); direct; upright; straightforward; honest; frank
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
innocent; naive; artless; unsophisticated; pure; fresh
youth; springtime of life; adolescent
love; love-making; passion; emotion; affections
story; tale; legend; plot; storyline
pot; volcanic crater; (one's) buttocks; male homosexual; effeminate man
collecting; accumulating; collection (of art, stamps, insects, etc.); garbage collection; waste collection
eggs; egg; (hen's) egg; (an expert) in the making; beginning; origin
trembling; shivering; jiggling; wobbling; bouncing
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to drop; to lose; to clean off (dirt, makeup, paint, etc.); to remove (e.g. stains or facial hair); to lose (a match); to reject (an applicant); to lower (e.g. shoulders or voice)
round, wooden container for cooked rice
to change; to swap; to change the object of one's interest or focus; to spend or take time; to infect; to permeate something with the smell or colour of something; to move on to the next or different stage of (a plan, etc.)