this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
yo!; hello there!; wow!; oh!; yah! (yell)
stupid brat; son of a bitch
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
with trouble; at great pains; rare; valuable; kind; generous
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
preparation; arrangements; provision; getting ready; laying out (e.g. a meal)
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
to break; to destroy; to wreck; to ruin; to break (a bill, etc.)
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
something's wrong (with someone); not right (in the head); not oneself; crazy; nuts
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
considerably; fairly; quite
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
tightly; closely; exactly; precisely; suddenly (stopping); perfectly (suited)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
previously; before; first; before (something or someone else); beforehand; in advance
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include