indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
spare time; free time; time (e.g. time it takes to do something); time off; day off; quitting (one's job)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
one's father; one's old man; middle-aged (or older) man; old man; one's boss; proprietor (of a restaurant, store, etc.)
(one's) whereabouts; destination; where one is headed; outcome; course (of events); future
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
feeling; sense; impression
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
considerable; great; important; significant; a big deal
injury; wound; mistake; accident; loss
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
mission; delegation; transmission
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
accomplishment; execution
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
until then; till then; to that extent; the end of it; all there is to it
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)