indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to be helpful; to be dependable; to stand by (someone)
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
lost child; lost person; stray child; missing child
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
father; dad; husband; you; he
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
if so; in that case; in that situation
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
second marriage; remarriage
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
spectator; sightseer; onlooker
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
one's own convenience; one's way; surroundings; environment; convenience; ease of use; financial circumstances
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to get angry; to get mad; to tell someone off; to scold; to be angular; to be square
natural; right; proper; naturally; as a matter of course; rightly
indicate reason; infers some protest
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen